Organic Chemistry 5th Edition By David Klein, Laurie Starkey

A Review of General Chemistry – Electrons bonds Lewis structures molecular orbital theory and hybridization Acids and Bases – Brønsted-Lowry/Lewis acids \(pK_{a}\) values and predicting equilibrium positions Addition Reactions of Alkenes – Hydrohalogenation hydration hydroboration halogenation and ozonolysis Alcohols and Phenols – Structure properties synthesis and substitution/oxidation reactions Aldehydes and Ketones – Nucleophilic addition reactions (acetals imines Wittig reaction) Alkanes and Cycloalkanes – Nomenclature Newman projections conformational analysis and chair conformations Alkyl Halides – Nucleophilic substitution (\(S_N1/S_N2\)) and elimination (E1/E2) mechanisms Alkynes – Structure synthesis reduction and addition reactions of triple bonds Alpha Carbon Chemistry – Enols enolates aldol reactions Claisen condensations and alkylation Amines – Preparation properties and specific transformations like the Hofmann elimination Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins – Structure synthesis sequencing and peptide bond formation Aromatic Compounds – Hückel's rule aromaticity and nomenclature of benzene derivatives Aromatics and Carbonyl Chemistry Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides stereochemistry cyclic structures and disaccharides Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives – Nucleophilic acyl substitution of esters amides acid chlorides and nitriles Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms – Enthalpy entropy Gibbs free energy kinetics and reading reaction coordinate diagrams Conjugated Pi Systems and Pericyclic Reactions – Conjugated dienes UV-Vis spectroscopy and Diels-Alder reactions Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution – Halogenation nitration sulfonation Friedel-Crafts reactions and substituent directing effects Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides – Preparations and ring-opening reactions Foundations and Hydrocarbons Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry – Functional group identification and molecular weight determination Introduction to Organometallic Compounds – Grignard reagents organolithium reagents and transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling Lipids – Waxes triglycerides phospholipids steroids and biosynthesis trends Molecular Representations – Bond-line structures functional groups and resonance structures Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy – ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts integration and spin-spin splitting Radical Reactions – Free radical halogenation anti-Markovnikov additions and polymerization basics Special Topics and Biomolecules Spectroscopy & Advanced Reactivity Stereochemistry – Chirality enantiomers diastereomers R/S configuration and optical activity Synthesis – Strategies for designing multi-step synthesis and changing carbon frameworks Synthetic Polymers – Chain-growth and step-growth polymerization pathways